Essay on Terrorism in the Media - 1109 Words

Terrorism in the Media Terrorism can be defined as the use of criminal violence to try to force a government to change. It can also be defined as the use of criminal violence that groups or individuals use to seek revenge and cause heartache amongst those that they want to hurt/threaten. Most terrorist groups prefer to target people for a more dramatic response and celebrate when the media broadcasts their violent acts on television and throughout the news. Lately, more and more deadly terrorist acts have been captured on film and broadcasted in all parts of the world. Sixty years ago recordings of terroristic acts didn’t spread through the world as quickly as they do now because technology wasn’t as advance. That is just one of the†¦show more content†¦The mass media affects the spread of propaganda and just encourages group and individual terrorist acts. In a way the media is an ally to terrorists. The media use terrorists to get stories and terrorists use the media to spread fear and panic. The media legitimizes terrorism and their causes because by publicizing their acts, even if not completely true, it will be believed. People say don’t believe everything you hear and read, but once its put out there, the propaganda is already set in our heads. Attacks receive more coverage when they harm or kill victims, involve hijackings or aircraft, have known perpetrators, and select targets associated with Western countries. A study of transnational terrorism shows that attacks that inflict injuries are twice as likely to attract media attention as those that do not. The attacks in which the perpetrator can be identified are four times as likely to be reported in a newspaper and ten times as likely to be reported on television (The Media’s Role in International Terrorsim). Attacks in the Middle East or Europe are twice as likely to receive media attention as attacks perpetrated in Latin America (The Media’s Role in International Terrorism). There are very similar factors that influence media coverage of attacks that take place within the United States. There are cases in which in some countries, the authorities may prevent media outlets from reportingShow MoreRelatedTerrorism and the Media1629 Words   |  7 PagesTerrorism and the Media Terrorism has played a role affecting civilization for a hundred of years. The acts of violence have aims and objectives which intend on being achieved by the perpetrators themselves, or by the organizations that support these acts. With the aid of the present day media, acts of terrorism are now becoming designed to grasp the attention of the entire world and compel a terrorist organizations message into the spotlight for the whole world to look at. Reasons and purposeRead MoreTerrorism And The Social Media1719 Words   |  7 Pages Terrorism and the use of social media to further its objective is a major concern affecting the world today. With the growing threat of terrorism, studying its operational techniques help to determine how and why terror groups are succeeding. Understanding the impact that terror groups have on marginalized populations through propaganda and a manipulation of facts will help in developing a greater understanding of terror group’s ability to mou nt successful campaigns globally. Given the threat thatRead MoreSocial Media Effects Terrorism : Terrorism1205 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Media Effects Terrorism What is cyber terrorism exactly? Cyber terrorism is known for â€Å"an electronic terrorism or information wars, can be defined as any act of Internet terrorism which includes deliberate and large-scale attacks and disruptions of computer networks using computer viruses, or physical attacks using malware, to attack individuals, governments, and organizations† (Paul Curran). Terrorist have gotten a lot clever and started using social media to alert, recruit, and scare theRead MoreMedia Influences Terrorism779 Words   |  3 PagesTerrorism has been a controversial topic ever since the 19th century, during Napoleon’s invasion of Spain in 1807 (White, Jonathan, et al. 123). The term’s meaning has changed over time throughout history, and has sparked debates over its true definition (White Jonathan, et al. 7). It was not until after the 9/11 attacks, when the media started to bring terrorism in its headlines. By then, terrorism became a popular topic for its drama. Drama attracts audiences to read, watch, or listen to theirRead More Terrorism and the Media Essay3629 Words   |  15 PagesTrade Center and Pentagon altered the way American’s viewed their positions within the world, not to mention their lives and their safety. The attacks brought terrorism to the forefront of national attention, in every aspect. The government became immediately immersed in an effort to understand and defeat terrorism, and simultaneously, the media, with its perverse fascination with violence and profit-driven espousal to round-the-clock, up-to-the-minute coverage, demonstrated an obsession with the attacksRead MoreWestern Media And Its Coverage Of Terrorism1155 Words   |  5 Pagesthree-dimensional, then being presented with the a globe, s/he will accept that both are legitimate ways to view Earth. This is the same principle that follows Western media and their coverage of terrorism. The U.S. media continues to remain loyal to a deceitful standard of terrorism, presenting the entire country with an invalid perception of terrorism in the Middle East. This coverage reaches all demographics nation wide and raises a misguided population. America is a democratic society where the powerRead More Does the Media Encourage Terrorism? Essay527 Words   |  3 Pages DO THE MEDIA ENCOURAGE TERRORISM The news media of American society does not encourage terrorism. The only thing that the media encourages is knowledge of what is going on around the world. Unfortunately, some terrorist organizations use the news media to gain recognition for their groups causes and goals. Most of the time, the media will serve as force to gain citizen support for the government’s actions against a terrorist movement. The only problem with having the freedom of press that theRead MoreThe Merits And Merits Of Media Coverage Of Terrorism Essay1607 Words   |  7 Pagesyour choice, discuss the merits and de-merits of media coverage of terrorism. Introduction: From the outset, the paper makes clarity of the key terms terrorism and media coverage. According to Magstadt (2009:506) terrorism has been defined in many ways, but the most definitions take into account several factors including violence’s, the desire for publicity, political motive and intimidation aimed at the civilian populations. Jerkins (n.d.) â€Å"terrorism is the use or threatened use of force designedRead MoreDo the Media Encourage Terrorism Essay878 Words   |  4 Pages2 SEP 2002 DO THE MEDIA ENCOURAGE TERRORISM There has been a lot of thought put into finding a more effective way to build intelligence efforts to make a stronger product for decisions of national security. The use of the media and worldwide reporters can be used in the effort to build more information on the intelligence products, but the usage will be limited. It is not very likely that the government of Pakistan will sponsor a column disclosing a list of nuclear assets every week, or thatRead More Islam, Terrorism, Jihad and Media Essay1757 Words   |  8 Pages Islam, Terrorism, Jihad and Media A bomb goes off in a marketplace in Tel Aviv. A suicide bomber launches himself in a bus full of people in the street of Baghdad. Foreign tourists get massacred at a holiday resort in Nairobi, Kenya. This can go on and on. We all have heard this kind of pathetic news in the media. These kinds of incidents are widely known as Islamic terrorism according to the western media. All such incidents have come to be identified with the religion of Islam. Such incidents

The Thirty Nine Year Old New Zealand Weight Lifter

This essay will discuss the isssue of the thirty-nine year old New Zealand weight lifter, Laurel Hubbard, a transgender woman who won the Australian International weightlifting competition. The following theories, Utilitarianism and Kantian Ethics will be discussed to identify the ethical issues to justify whether this issue is fair for the other woman competitiors. Before Hubbard arose as an international caliber lifter last year, she would compete nationally as ‘Gavin Hubbard’, which is her birth name. She started transitioning as a woman in her mid thirty’s, eventually reaslising she was going to be a lot more successful as a weightlifter (NZ Herald, 2017). Garry Marshall, the President of Olympic Weightlifting New Zealand, said that†¦show more content†¦Rule Utilitarian’s believe that the moral correctness of an act varies on the correctness of the rules that accepts it to accomplish the greatest good (Mill, 1863). Utilitarianism is summarized into three main propositions, number one being that actions are to be judged and assessed right or wrong merely of their consequences (Mill, 1863). Nothing else is considered, only those who have the best consequences (Mill, 1863). Secondly, when assessing the consequences, the only priority is the extent of happiness or unhappiness. Everything else is unrelated. Finally, the third proposition states that no one’s happiness is measured as more important than anyone else’s, everyone is equal (Mill, 1863). A Utilitarian’s main concern is the consequence of an act. A person’s reasoning and intentions to why they do a certain ‘thing’ is seen as more important (Mill, 1863). â€Å"The ethical worth of an action is calculated by the amount of pleasure or pain it produces for those affected by it† (Walton, 2003) If the actions made are morally appropriate and create an overall happiness for a person or persons, then you have achieved a belief of Utilitarianism (Walton, 2003). When relating the theory of Utilitarianism to Laurel Hubbard’s situation in weightlifting, the consequences of her actions did not create and overall happiness for the other woman competiting in the weightlifting competition. There was an overall happiness from Laurel herself, and family members, but theShow MoreRelated_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pages0-495-11873-7 ââ€"   To my nephews, Jesse and Luke Smidt, who bet I wouldn’t put their names in this book. R. P. ââ€"   To my wife, Sally, and my daughter, Anna C. O. ââ€"   To Carol, Allie, and Teri. J. D. ââ€"   About the Authors puter Teacher of the Year award in 1988 and received the Siemens Award for Advanced Placement in mathematics in 1999. Chris is a frequent contributor to the AP Statistics Electronic Discussion Group and has reviewed materials for The Mathematics Teacher, the AP Central web

World.ell Free Essays

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World.ell Free Essays

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Creativity and Innovation Of Pipi and Chunky †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Creativity and Innovation Of Pipi and Chunky. Answer: Perturbing Thoughts Task 1: The other two dwarfs of the Snow White were Pipi and Chunky. Pipi was very funny and she roamed about all the places. Chunky always made fun of others in different situations. Task 2 Pipi and Chunky found to be guilty for the mishaps cause to Snow White. Task 3 Pipi has been suffering with a very serious disease of late. He has not been able to talk to other dwarfs. He is unable to laugh at the most funniest situations. He has forgotten to laugh at the situations he has been facing. Innovation all around us One of the most important issues in this part of the assignment is the fact of the human development. It has been a notable thing that the human beings have developed in many aspects over the last few centuries. The evolution has brought up certain changes in the human bodies such as the size of the brain and shape of the pelvis of the human bodies. The gain of nutrition among the human bodies has also improved as well. The human beings have been taller, fatter and they can live long as well. However, there are some key concepts or ideas that were required for the human beings to come to the present state of mind. These key steps are infancy, childhood, adolescence and adulthood. A human body can grow in between these stages indeed. One aspect that has been chosen here to discuss further on this topic is the telecommunications. This has led to the development of the human brains to a large extent. The use of telecommunications has become a very common notion in the modern days. The innovations that have changed the brains of the human beings altogether are the mobile phones, laptops, some updated technological gadgets and invention of the social media. These are key innovations as the human beings from children to adults are quite fascinated about these innovations and they quite rely on these things. They use these gadgets all the times and their structure of the brain has improved as well. The human health will be badly impacted by the overuse of the telecommunications and the smartphones in particular. As these devices have to be handled by the human hands, it has to be mentioned that the entire human body along with the human brains is very badly affected. The effect of the electromagnetic waves is very fatal to the human brains. These waves and the radiation from it destroy the working power of the human brains very immensely. In the coming ten years the impact will rather increase than diminished. The radiation is very much harmful for the human body and the human brain. It has been seen that cancer is increasing in the busy of rats. So, there are high chances of the human beings to catch the cancer. These things would be very important for the human beings to care about. This is why it can be interpreted that the human beings are very much endangered about cancer and the chances are increasing very rapidly. The radiofrequency (RF) radiation will slowly destroy the working and thinking power of the human brain. It will also increase the temperature of the human body as well. This can also cause the headache and the brain tumors as well. These things would be highly harmful in a big way. A rare type of brain cancer named giloma can be caused because of too much addiction to telecommunications devices. It is expected that the telecommunications can be effectively increasing its popularity in the upcoming years. It can also be assumed that the human beings could suffer the ill effects of this entire advancement in the technology. These things are very much important since in the next 100 years the telecommunications devices would improve a lot. The human beings would feel its impact in every bit. The new revolutions in telecommunications would change the present scenario completely. The total information stream can go through an entire change. The electronic communication would also be changed forever in the coming 100 years as well. New devices could come up with new creative features. The goods and services will completely be based upon the new electronic devices. The physical reality would effectively be transformed into a virtual reality. All the fields like the healthcare, entertainment, education, advertisements, arts of warfare and many other things. The technological innovation would transform the entire world. The new innovations in technology can simply the way of life in the coming years completely. All the things that are very important in case of the technological advancement can be implemented through all the tools for telecommunications. Social media will play a vital role in this context as well. All the things like the way the human beings behave, living, soc ializing and all the means will change and the world will become a virtual reality indeed. Creativity and innovation in the Ocean Cleanup There are some reasons for choosing this organization. One of these reasons is the fact that they are really keen on implementing the technology and innovations into their organization. It is very important to use the advancements of technology for serving their cause in a better way. The creative experts of the organization are trying very hard to develop the first cleanup system in the best ways. They have been planning to implement their development system in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch in the year 2018.[1] This kind of technology has never been used before so it is very important to implement it properly.[2] The entire engineering process for building up this project is very much laborious and costly. They are constantly looking after the design that has been modeled for this clean up system. They have some assumptions in making their project complete and successful. They are testing if their assumptions are complete and proper from all the aspects. They are always on the way to improve their technology in the best ways.[3] They are focused on building a team that will have lots of creative thinkers. The creative thinkers in the Ocean Cleanup always look for the best ways to improve their business operations. They are using the social media channels to get the important feedbacks from their stakeholders like the shipping companies, logistic experts and the IT experts. The organizations will look to use the social media platforms like Facebook, Instagram and others. The external advisors for their projects are the delegates from the United Nations. They always advise the company to implement this project in a way that no human beings are harmed. They use their websites for the internal and external stakeholders to provide the feedbacks. This will surely improve their popularity as well. They have asked for recommendations from all the people for their feedbacks like the students, scientists, research scholars or any people who has an innovative mind could help the organization to achieve its objectives. It has been a great factor of concern that the Great Pacific Garbage Patch has been increased three times the size of the entire France. This trash of plastic has been expanding between the areas of Hawaii and California.[4] This total trash of plastic comes from the different regions like the countries in Asia and North and South America. The Ocean Cleanup has affirmed that they will go for leasing some space of a naval station which is no more in use. They are planning to implement the ocean currents for their great advantage.[5] The innovative people in their teams have advised them that the natural ocean currents would push the plastic wastes into the passive and floating arms of their machines. This will be used as their supreme strategy to put the ocean plastic trash so the maximum plastic can be collected. The experts have acknowledged the fact that the marine life of the flora and fauna are in great distress because of these plastic trashes. The experts of the company have assures the marine creatures could safely pass under these arms of the machines that are being used for the collection of the plastic trash. As the primary intention of the company is to clean up the plastic trash from the ocean they do not want to harm the ocean life at any cost.[6] They have also gone on to sign the lease agreement with the Almeda naval station to begin their campaigns properly. References Becker, Miri, Chris Cerruti, Kory Girouard, and Brendan Watson. "Great Pacific Garbage Patch." (2012). Howell, Evan A., Steven J. Bograd, Carey Morishige, Michael P. Seki, and Jeffrey J. Polovina. "On North Pacific circulation and associated marine debris concentration."Marine Pollution Bulletin65, no. 1-3 (2012): 16-22. Huang, Michelle N. "Ecologies of Entanglement in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch."Journal of Asian American Studies20, no. 1 (2017): 95-117. Jambeck, Jenna R., Roland Geyer, Chris Wilcox, Theodore R. Siegler, Miriam Perryman, Anthony Andrady, Ramani Narayan, and Kara Lavender Law. "Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean."Science347, no. 6223 (2015): 768-771. Madlener, R., and T. Reismann.The Great Pacific Garbage Patch: A Preliminary Economic Analysis of the Sixth Continent. No. 6. FCN Working Paper, 2014. Miller, Katie, Jinho Son, Meghan Strickling, and Stephanie Wu. "Great Pacific Garbage Patch." (2016). Newman, Patricia.Plastic, Ahoy!: Investigating the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. Millbrook Press, 2014. Sigler, Michelle. "The effects of plastic pollution on aquatic wildlife: current situations and future solutions."Water, Air, Soil Pollution225, no. 11 (2014): 2184. Singh, Timon. "19-Year-Old Develops Ocean Cleanup Array That Could Remove 7,250,000 Tons of Plastic from the Worlds Oceans."Inhabit: Design Will Save the World26 (2013). Slat, Boyan.How the Oceans Can Clean Themselves: A Feasibility Study. Ocean Cleanup, 2014. Theoceancleanup.com, www.theoceancleanup.com. 2018. "Www.Theoceancleanup.Com".The Ocean Cleanup. https://www.theoceancleanup.com/. Zaman, Atiq Uz, and Steffen Lehmann. "The zero waste index: a performance measurement tool for waste management systems in a zero waste city."Journal of Cleaner Production50 (2013): 123-132.

Gender Equality Pols 234 paper Essays - Human Behavior, Gender

Gender Equality: Reduction of the Wage Gap Policy for British Columbia Submitted to the Honorable Bill Morneau Minister of Finance Toronto, Ontario Sarah Dunn Executive Summary In every city within the G7, the gender wage gap is evident. Thus, the repercussions of this economic issue are felt throughout the nation. The issue of gender discrimination has created substantial consequences in society for women: it has caused wage disparity to increase, we can conclude that public policy is required. The gender gap is a relevant issue today because women are paid unequally for equal work. For instance, in 2011, the gap was at 26% for full time work and in 1987 the gap was at 36%. Though the gender gap is slowly decreasing over the decades the issue is still evident and represents the discrimination that is still present. In 2016, Statistics Canada found that women who held a bachelor degree had a median income of $68,342 while men with the same level of education were earning around $82,082. Sheila Block who is a senior economist at the Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives claimed that the gap is a result of "direct sexism in the labour market." It is necessary to implement policies to establish equality, in 2015 Prime Minister Justin Trudeau established the importance of gender equality by assembling a cabinet that included equal number of male and female ministers. When asked about the reason for his decision he stated, "Because its 2015." In 2015, women were only earning $0.87 for every dollar a man had earned. The wage gap presents an issue of equality in Canada. Gender discrimination has slowly improved but managerial positions are still dominated by men, representing the lack of representation of women. The gender wage gap is complex and needs to be understood in the context the economy. In regard to the economic context of the gender gap, part time workers must be a focus; 76% of Canadian part-time workers in 2015 were women. Women typically take part-time jobs instead of full time jobs because of the exorbitant prices of child care. This has to do with the trade-off between family and career that is prevalent in our society for women; a trade-off men usually do not have to face. It should be noted that between 10% and 15% of the wage gap is attributed to gender based wage discrimination and out of 34 countries in the OECD, Canada had the 7th highest gender wage gap in 2014. The wage gap is detrimental to women and it has created a cycle within itself that only worsens the wage gap; public policy needs to be implemented immediately. Options for Change This report presents two alternative options for combatting the gender wage gap. The first option is to improve education for women to ensure that they are sufficiently prepared to hold managerial positions. Businesses can provide industry promotions and recruitment which would motivate and empower the female demographic. It is imperative to provide opportunities for women to feel like they are sought after to establish incentive and drive. The government should partner with businesses to establish alternatives to address the stereotypes that are located in the workplace to combat discrimination that females may face. It is important to put forth positive role models to inspire women to attain an education and pursue their passion. The cost of this policy is going to be monetary, ensuring education in managerial positions, high-skill STEM, and entrepreneurship is going to be at least $150 billion dollars but without this cost the gap will increase. If the gender gap closed, the bene fit would almost triple by producing an extra $420 billion dollars in the next nine years. The final policy would be to instate legislation along with public services. The legislation would entail things such as transparency wages and fines for wage inequality. In regard to public services, they are essential to reduce gender inequality for their security. Unfortunately, childcare is not necessarily affordable, since the childcare crisis has created a drag in economic growth; the result is that parents are spending a third of their income on childcare. The childcare crisis attributes to the wage gap, women have to either stop working

When to Use Palate, Palette, and Pallet

When to Use Palate, Palette, and Pallet The nouns palate, palette, and pallet are homophones: they are pronounced similarly but have different meanings. The noun palate refers to the roof of the mouth or the sense of taste.The noun palette refers to an artists paint board or a range of colors.The noun pallet is a straw-filled mattress or a hard bed. Examples Egypts senior archaeologist recently discovered that King Tutankhamen was born with a cleft palate and a clubfoot.Walt Disneys Pinocchio paraded the studios early perfection of the cartoon form: subtle character delineation, a rich color palette, and an inside knowledge of boyhood traumas.In one of the more lurid fairy tales, ogres chop off the legs and arms of a woman to make her body fit a pallet.Percy Painter, a promising but penniless portraitist, might possibly profit were he to pick up, perhaps procure, (1) a plentiful patron with a palate for portraiture, (2) a palette with pigments properly primed, and (3) a pretty person pleasingly prepared to pose pleasantly on his paltry pallet. (Robert Oliver Shipman, A Pun My Word: A Humorously Enlightened Path to English Usage. Rowman Littlefield, 1991)

Environment 110 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Environment 110 - Essay Example If the environmental service for gas and oil stopped, assuming that the oil wells run dry, the state would suffer from adverse effects, both social and economic. These may be worse if the scarcity of crude oil is a global problem. One of the effects of the change would be increased unemployment rate as people who worked in the mining fields and processing firms would lose their jobs. People who trade in the commodities would also lose income through lost jobs or lost profits. While importation could ease the burden, this would take time and would not be a complete remedy to lost jobs and reduced profitability. Importation would also increase cost of energy in domestic and industrial set ups, leading to macroeconomic burden. Induced economic strain from lost jobs, reduced income, and possible rise in commodity prices due to increased fuel cost would spill to people disposable income. This could have adverse effects on ability to afford services such as health care and education servic es. The state would also suffer negative effects on its import expenditures. Services pertaining to oil and gas are therefore significant to the economy and should be sustained. Ball State University. â€Å"Key economic sectors in Indiana: State overview.† Ball State University. July, 2014. Web. October 24, 2014. . The Indiana Department of Natural Resources. â€Å"Oil and gas in Indiana.† The Indiana Department of Natural Resources. N.d. Web. October 24, 2014. < http://www.in.gov/dnr/dnroil/files/og-OilGas_in_Indiana.pdf

Motivation Plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Motivation Plan - Research Paper Example These efforts will then set the stage for the Job enrichment program. It is hoped that these efforts will generate the targeted measures. However, beyond those figures, it is hoped that these motivation plan will bring back the confidence of the GM employees to the company and help bring General Motors back to its pre-crisis stature as one of the most admired companies in the U.S. and one of the foremost automobile manufacturer in the world. Organization: General Motors Corporation (GM) General Motors Corporation (GM) was among the biggest casualties during the â€Å"Great Recession† that rocked the entire global economy. It is the biggest automobile manufacturer in the United States and one of the highest employers of the nation. GM manufactures Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet and many other brands of cars and trucks sold to over 30 countries worldwide. Last June 2009, GM filed for bankruptcy wiping out jobs and share value in drastically affecting employees and investors alike. A lso, retirees have been affected with some cuts in their health care benefits and pensions have been threatened (Isidore). Prior to the credit crunch of 2008, the historic surrender of one of the biggest and oldest companies was practically unthinkable. In fact, people have generally held the â€Å"General† in high regard. ... Need for a Motivational Plan, Benefits & Selection Process There are three important goals for employees namely equity, achievement and camaraderie. As such, employees need to feel that there is equal treatment which must apply to all the basics aspects of their job such as the compensation, the benefits accorded to them and of course the way they are treated. Also, they must feel secure about the job and this must be a general feeling within the whole organization. Likewise, employees ought to be able to take pride in what they are doing, what they have done and of course who they are doing these things for. At the same time, employees are able to be more motivated if they have a mutually beneficial working condition with their colleagues (Sirota, Mischkind, Meltzer). These have been practically decimated when General Motors Corporation (GM) succumbed to the recession. In fact, there remains an underlying uncertainty as to what the future will hold for these employees. Thus, this mo tivational plan is prepared to help improve the morale of the employees by designing a program that will help line leaders be motivated as well as their employees through a spill over effect. The motivation plan will be integrated on the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) so that it can be measured easily. This is a very important aspect to ensure that the motivational plan is followed through since having the capability to measure work affects employee behavior. Likewise, the BSC will enable the policymakers to have a quick clear view of what is going on in the organization. This is possible since the BSC not only focuses on the traditional measure of finance but considers other key perspectives as well such as the customer perspective, internal business

Social De-alignment in UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Social De-alignment in UK - Essay Example It has become popular through the recent years to view the voting patterns in the UK as less dependent on social attitudes and positions, rather than dependent on political factors. However, it is still under argument, whether social issues still play major role in defining voters' behaviours, as the present-day society has become more polarized. The electorate may be described as well-educated and informed mass of people, and it is often that its rational choice is based on the party's position, leadership, strategy and policy, not taking into account to which class the exact part of electorate belongs. This is the basis of the so called 'supermarket' model of voting, when the rational choice is based on the perceptions, which party will improve the life of the society while in Government. Thus the theory becomes active, when the leadership and personality of the candidate become increasingly significant for voters, and the political issues leave for the background. However, such th eories don't take into account the influence, which the media may make on the personality of each leader, and this influence may be both positive and negative, thus causing the electorate to make wrong choice. This work is to be concentrated on the social theories in voters' behaviour which take into account age, gender and class to which the voters belong, and assuming that these factors dictate the way the voter makes his choice. De-alignment 'Class is undoubtedly a significant factor when considering voting behaviour; traditionally two thirds of all voters chose their 'natural' class party, the working class favoring Labour and the middle class Conservative. However, since the1970s class de-alignment has begun, and the proportions of classes voting for particular parties have become more even, caused by embourgeoisement and the consequent decrease of in size of the working class'. (Curtice, 2002) This theory may be easily linked to the suggestion, that the voter's choice is becoming more tied to the place of his residence (the theories of voters' behaviour and the influence of neighbourhood will be discussed in this work), however, it is easily explained by the fact that the working class mainly occupies the northern part of the country, while the southern part belongs to the middle class. Simultaneously, it is interesting to note, that during the election campaign of the year 2001 the Conservatives lost most of their southern votes, which says there are some other factors except for class, which influence voters' choice. Another important social factor in defining voting preferences is gender. However, the proofs, which support this theory, are very inaccurate, as they don't account the gender equilibrium in the workforce and the attempts of different parties to concentrate their campaigns on childcare and health issues. It may be surprising not to note the influential role of the social factors in electorate behaviour, as Britain cannot be described as less class aligned. People still reflect their class preferences in their voting, though less attention has been paid to these factors, while they are still important and should be taken into account. To realize the importance of the social re-alignment and de-alignment in relation to the voting behaviours, it is necessary to provide the reliable argument as for the increasing social polarization in the society. According to Dorling (2006), 'housing wealth per child rose 20 times more in the best-off tenth as compared to worse-off tenth of areas in Britain 1993-2003; the majority of extra higher education places

Human Error and Perceptual Control Theory

Human Error and Perceptual Control Theory Overview In this paper, I will explore and advocate the importance of both Human Error and Perceptual Control Theory for design of complex human-machine systems, enhanced user experience and better human performance and safety. Human Error Errors are the result of actions that fail to generate the intended outcomes (SKYbrary). Human operators are one of the biggest sources of errors in any complex system (Shelton, 1999). According to Sanders McCormick (1976), Human error is an inappropriate or undesirable human decision or behavior that reduces, or has the potential for reducing effectiveness, safety and performance of a system and/or human (Kurniawan). Error Types Researchers have differentiated between two types of error:1) slipsand lapses 2) mistakes. Slips and lapses According to SKYbrary, a person intends to carry out an action, the action is appropriate, carries it out incorrectly, and the desired goal is not achieved an execution failure has occurred. Execution errors result from failures in the execution and/or storage stage of an action sequence. Slips relate to observable actions and are commonly associated with attentiveness or perceptual failures. Lapses are more internal events and generally involve failures of memory (SKYbrary). Mistakes As mentioned in UKEssays.com, Mistakes occur when an intended outcome is not achieved even though there was adherence to the steps in the plan. This is usually a case in which the original plan was wrong, was followed, and resulted in an unintended outcome (UKEssays.com). Error mechanisms The following three error mechanisms are widely accepted, which correlate with human performance levels. Skill-based errors Errors of execution Occur during highly routine activities or automated tasks with occasional checks Action chosen by the operator but not in accordance with the operator’s intentions Done by highly experienced individuals due to inattention or distraction Rule-based errors Applies to familiar situations Incorrect application of a good rule, correct application of a bad rule or failure to apply a good rule Knowledge-based errors Occur in unique and unfamiliar situations Result from inadequate analysis or decision making (trial and error) Done by operators with insufficient knowledge Applications of Human error theory Human error is inevitable. However, human error mitigation strategies could be devised by understanding various error mechanisms and triggers, as depicted in the human error theory. Superior system design, better recruitment and selection of operators, training, stress and fatigue prevention measures, better equipment procedures and improved work environment can reduce error consequences and likelihood. By understanding human error, system designers can plan for likely error scenarios, and implement barriers to prevent or mitigate the occurrence of potential errors. Some approaches to build a better human machine interaction system are explained below. Identification of error environment First step in human error mitigation approach is to understand the work environment, recognize capacity of the users, identify possible loopholes n the system and be familiar with potential user error occurrence and consequences. Likelihood of an error and severity of potential harm should also be examined. For example, FDA (Food and Drug Administration) requires manufacturers to submit a failure analysis report FMEA (Failure Mode and Effect Analysis) while launching any new medical device. Design solutions to address errors Error elimination First and foremost design strategy is to eliminate design features, which are sources of user errors. Design weaknesses identified during observation and task analysis should be removed or revised. Removal of excessive and irrelevant information, inclusion of validity checks and task automations are some design aspects that support error elimination approach. Additionally, carrying out periodical test runs of the system might be helpful in eliminating some of the rules based errors. Error reduction Designers should try to reduce error occurrences for features that cannot be removed completely. Building consistent designs and providing alerts, warnings, confirmations and other necessary feedback to users may prevent users to make errors of execution (skill-based errors). Consequence elimination Consequence elimination is an approach to prevent potential harm after the occurrence of error. Designers can devise features that provide information about potential harm and ways to correct the situation (e.g. undo) and/or prevent onset of side effects (e.g. automatic locking or shutdown, process delays) in order to prevent error consequences. Consequence reduction This is a last design alternative a designer can look into if above mentioned options are not feasible to incorporate. Decreasing the effect of error is helpful especially in catastrophic situations. Design of supplementary features is usually necessary to achieve this purpose. Backup and restore features, automatic reporting to stakeholders/police/medical teams and automated substitute drug delivery are some of the techniques for reducing effects of consequences. Error elimination and error reduction are often the most cost effective methods to avert user errors. Trainings Knowledge-based errors can be eliminated to some extent by providing system-oriented trainings, especially to novice users. On the other hand, a different training program could be devised for experienced users. Periodical trainings could keep experts up-to-date with latest developments in their field and assess their knowledge of system procedural checks. Essentially, this may help minimizing skill-based errors. Perceptual Control Theory (PCT) Perceptual control theory (PCT) is a theory of human and animal behavior. It is based on the principles of control theory (Powers, 1973). As cited by Lulham (2005), at the core of PCT is the idea that many of the processes involved in how human functions are most appropriately conceptualized and modelled as dynamic control processes (Powers, 1999b). Control processes are proposed to be fundamental to many functions including those related to physiological (e.g. temperature regulation), neural (e.g. attention), motor control (e.g. driving a car), psychological (e.g. maintenance of a criminal identity) and social (e.g. staff-detainee relationship) functions (Lulham, 2005). According to Cherry Farrel (1998), PCT exploits the concept of a purpose behind the behaviour. A perception (which is a transformation of stimuli from the world) is then compared to its reference signal, and a perceptual error is generated. A person acts on the world in such a manner to minimise this error. The stabilisation of this control loop is the essence of PCT (Chery Farrell , 1998). Applications of PCT Using perceptions for building complex systems System environments are becoming increasingly complex. Traditional cause and effect methods of understanding system operations and user interactions may not work well in order to employ personalization and user experience in these complex systems. According to pctweb.org, the person compares a ‘standard’ (what they want) with what they are experiencing right now (their perception). The difference between the two – the discrepancy or error is being measured. The bigger the error the more the effort the person makes to reduce it, until the error is zero – this means they get what they want (pctweb.org). The basic premise of PCT is that human behavior is not about the behavior itself, but about reinforcing desired perception (O’Neal, 2012). Understanding and applying this concept of individually preferred perceptions through PCT will help in designing effective personal information management for complex systems and enhancing the overall user experience. User research and analysis PCT is particularly helpful in understanding users’ behaviors and motives behind their actions. Often system designers evaluate possible system states and static change in control values needed to achieve those states. Tasks are carried out on the controls to attain the new state and user is though of as a controller of these tasks. Designers use task analysis method to perform user research and concentrate on physical tasks a user performs. However, instead of system oriented or designer oriented view, PCT goes much deeper and offers user’s standpoint. PCT provides framework to realize dynamic nature of user interactions. System designers can use PCT to understand how users constantly perceive and compare system states and take dissimilar actions to reinstate appropriate system state every time. Furthermore, Powers (1973) proposed behavior as a control of perceptions. Instead of focusing on a physical activity during the task analysis, PCT suggests focusing on users’ behaviors that lead them to perform actions to achieve desired perception (system state). Thus, using the PCT framework, designers can integrate physical, cognitive and behavioral sides of a user’s interaction with the system. Moreover, PCT analysis of intentions from different user groups exposes their shared narrative, which in turn, helps in finding system requirements for hidden, absent user (O’Neal, 2012). For example, a customer service representative might use call center software while working to resolve an issue with a customer. While the customer is not a direct user of the software system, he is affected indirectly. The customer here is a hidden user. His perceptions should be analyzed to understand his requirements and objectives while developing the call center system. Empowered designs PCT offers a design framework toward the satisfaction of the users desired percepts. Human-machine system performance is enhanced when the displays and controls are designed to allow the operator to perceive and transmit information in order to minimize the perceptual error (Chery Farrell , 1998). According to PCT, when a user interacts with the system, he is constantly trying to bring equilibrium, changing his perception to the reference point, which is his new perception. Keeping this in mind, a designer should build the system that transforms from an old state to the new state seamlessly, provides estimate of gap between old and new state, furnish necessary feedback to keep the user aware of the environment variables and helps the user to manage disturbances. These functionalities will help users to gain accurate information regarding their perceptions, empower them to undertake correct amount of action to reach to new perception, ultimately helping them achieve self-regulation and stability. For example, the windshield of the car let the user scan his environment and gather information necessary to their perception, the car dashboard continuously displays speed and other important elements to help user assess different system states, and the gear stick helps user achieve n ew state from the old one smoothly. Other features like wiper, headlights, turn signals etc. facilitate users to manage disturbances as much as possible. Thus, human-machine designs should be compatible with user’s interpretations of information in order to improve their decision making process and overall system performance. Conclusion Both human error and PCT frameworks are valuable in building complex system designs to facilitate information management, enhance security and improve both system and human performance. By understanding fundamentals of human errors, designers can build a system that is more usable, provides meaningful feedbacks and include training, procedural checks and incentive programs. However, according to Shelton (1999), there is a trade-off between making the HCI relatively easy and intuitive and ensuring that system safety is not compromised by lulling the operator into a state of complacency. In PCT, the error is continuously measured to achieve equilibrium. Per Lulham (2005), those involved in developing the theory believe PCT has significant potential to change the way human functioning is understood. However, further research is required for advancement of PCT framework. References Component-based usability testing. (n.d.). Retrieved from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Component-Based_Usability_Testing Embrey, D. Understanding Human Behaviour and Error. Human Reliability Associates. Latino, R. J. (2007, Nov). Defining and reducing human error. Briefings Page on Patient Safety . O’Neal, A. (2012, July). Intention-Focused Design: Applying Perceptual Control Theory to Discover User Intent. Retrieved 2013, from UXmatters.com: http://www.uxmatters.com/mt/archives/2012/07/intention-focused-design-applying-perceptual-control-theory-to-discover-user-intent.php PCTweb. (n.d.). What is PCT? Retrieved from PCTweb: http://www.pctweb.org/whatis/whatispct_03.html Powers, W. T. (n.d.). A brief introduction to Perceptual Control Theory . Retrieved from Frontier: http://www.frontier.net/~powers_w/whatpct.html Shelton, C. P. Human Interface/Human Error. Carnegie Mellon University. SKYbrary. (n.d.). Human Error Types. Retrieved from SKYbrary: http://www.skybrary.aero/index.php/Human_Error_Types 1 Lajja Mehta

The Spiritual and Physical Dimensions in The Birthmark Essay -- miscel

The Spiritual and Physical Dimensions in The Birthmark Fred Allen Wolf notes in Taking the Quantum Leap that it was not until the 20th century that scientists realized that â€Å"to observe is to disturb, for observation breaks the wholeness of nature.† If observing disturbs, then when a scientist tampers and tries to perfect nature the result can only be disastrous. The goal of most scientists is to observe and understand the mysteries of nature. Nathaniel Hawthorne realized that the scientists of the 19th century were beginning to challenge the traditional views of science and man. The traditional view of man holds that man is both material and spiritual. Advancements in science led some scientists to begin to think that man was only material and therefore with enough enlightenment science could control all of nature including man himself. Hawthorne, however, objected to the idea of man’s ability to totally control all aspects of human life. Hawthorne, in his short story â€Å"The Birthmark,† uses the imagery and c haracter to show that man has both a spiritual and material dimension that are deeply interwoven and unable to be completely controlled. Hawthorne presents the prevailing thinking of the man of science with the introduction of Aylmer who typifies the man of science who thinks that he is able to â€Å"ascend from one step of powerful intelligence to another, until the philosopher should lay his hand on the secret of creative force† (Hawthorne 1). Hawthorne hints that Aylmer believes he can posses â€Å"ultimate and total control of Nature† (1). Hawthorne uses the birthmark on Georgiana’s cheek to represent the spiritual or non-material aspects of man. Initially, when Hawthorne describes the birthmark, he views it as merely a physical defect. He refers to it as being â€Å"the visible mark of earthly imperfection,† (1). As Aylmer continues to dwell on the imperfection, it begins to take on a deeper meaning. He begins to see it as â€Å"the fatal flaw of humanity† which comes from the hand of Nature (1). Later, he sees it as â€Å"the symbol of his wife’s liability to sin, sorrow, decay, and death,† (1). Hawthorne uses Georgiana as a representative of all mankind by telling that Nature places a flaw on â€Å"all her productions,† (1). As Aylmer begins to recognize the defect in connection with her immortality, he begins to acknowledge that there is something deeper than the mater... ...ever understood the reality he denied, it is not certain, but the final commentary by the narrator suggests that Georgiana’s death settles the question of the reality of the natural and spiritual world and the intertwining of the two. He explains that â€Å"the fatal hand had grappled with the mystery of life and was the bond by which an angelic spirit kept itself in union with a mortal frame,† (7). The angelic spirit and the mortal frame were inseparable and one could not exist without the other. It was this that Aylmer could not believe, for he was a man of science, fact, and one whom could not grasp the idea of a spiritual dimension of an individual. Through the birthmark and Aylmer, Hawthorne illustrates that an individual has both a physical body seen by all and a spirit that is unseen. Aylmer first believes, like other scientists, that all things are merely physical. But Georgiana’s birthmark is used to symbolize the spirit that grasps all humans. Georgiana’s death comes when her spirit is removed from her physical body. Hawthorne uses the birthmark’s intertwining with the body to reveal that man has a spiritual dimension and a physical dimension, both of which are intertwined.